Polymer membranes (1), Wykłady-Polimery w ochronie środowiska
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Membrany polimerowe – czy jest inna
alternatywa dla membran?
Short story on polymer impact to human life
Marek Bryjak
Natural polymers
:
1496 Columbus expedition took natural rubber to Europe
1820 mastication (Hancock), 1851 vulcanisation (Goodyear)
Semisynthetic polymer
Nitrocellulose, 1867 (Wayat) - processing machinery
Crosslinked casein 1885 (Kritche)
Synthetic polymers
Phenol-formaldehyde resin 1909 (Bayer), Polystyrene 1915 (IFG),
Polyethylene 1933 (
Fawcet, Gibson)
Zakład Materiałów Polimerowych i Wħglowych
Politechnika Wrocławska
Natural Rubber
Ebonite bracelet from 1880
Charles Goodyear,
Oven cleaning
Sulfur
crosslinking
S
S
S
S
S
S
Hard Rubber— 20-30% Sulfur
Christian Schoenbine
Bakelite
Developed Cellulose nitrate
¤ Dr. Leo Baekeland
Ï First totally synthetic plastic (1907)
¤ Patented in 1909
¤ Thermoset resin
cotton, nitric acid and sulfuric acid
Early Films
Highly flammable and explosive
1
Nylons
Polyethylene
¤ Introduced in the 1939 Worlds Fair
¤ ÑNylonmaniaÒ interrupted during WWII,
but resumed after the war (the famous
Nylon riots of 1946)
¤ 1943 Karl Ziegler changed
polymerization of ethylene
Nylon 66
co-crystalline
Ï Catalyst
¤ Now is most widely
produced and perhaps most
versatile plastic
O
HO
+
NH2
O H
H
2
N
O
- H 2O
O
O
N
N
e tc .
H
H
O
O
Fibers are spun
World annual production of synthetic polymers
Why polymer production is limited?
1 00
2000 – 150-180 M T
Economy: -invention cost (universities, R&D dept)
-investment cost (polymer production and processing)
-operational cost
10
Beginning of 80-ties,
polymer +65% annual rate
steel – 5% annual rate
Politics: -the end of cold-war and the arms race
1
0,1
Ecology: -green-peace movement (toxic waste, dioxins syndrom)
- polymer wastes mamagement
-increadible long life-time of synthetic polymers
0, 01
19 00
19 20
19 40
19 60
19 80
20 00
20 20
Rok
Mechanical properties of polymers
Homopolymer
Elasticity module
Rubber
Semicristalline
polymer
Glass
polymer
0.1
10
1000
100000 MPa
Glass state
Glass
transition
region
Elastic state
Visco-elastic state
Temperature
2
Homopolymer
Modified homopolymer
Copolymer
Copolymer
Plasma polymer
Przerwa
3
Polymer structure
¤ The polymer chain layout determines a
lot of material properties:
Structure
¤ Amorphous:
¤ Crystalline:
Bacteria cell
How about membanes?
4
Annual production of plastics
History of membrane separation
Membrane development
1748 – Noilett – osmosis phenomenon
100
1960 – Surirajan & Loeb created
the first porous membrane
1970 – the first oil crisis
1865-1866 Fick & Graham – dialysis process
1877 – van Hoff – theory of osmosis
10
1911 – Donnan – distribution law
1
1955 – Kammermayer – gas separation
0,1
0,01
1960 – Loeb & Surirajan – preparation of assymetric membranes – filtration
processes
1900
19 20
1940
1960
1980
20 00
2020
R ok
Membrane preparation.
Examples
Zakres dziaÿania membran
Hilal and Najafpour, Chapter 16 ÑMembrane Separation ProcessesÒ in a textbook:
ÑBiochemical Engineering and BiotechnologyÒ. Academic Press -Elsevier(2006) 351- 389. ISBN 0-444-52845-8
5
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